📊 Full opportunity report: Raw-feed licensing. The contract that doesn’t exist yet. on ThorstenMeyerAI.com — validation score, market gap, and execution plan.

TL;DR

The industry lacks a formal contract for raw-feed licensing used in AI downstream rewriting. This gap mirrors early 20th-century music licensing issues and is driven by structural conflicts among stakeholders. The missing contract has significant implications for AI economics and legal frameworks.

Industry experts have identified a critical gap: there is no industry-standard contract for raw-feed licensing used in downstream AI rewriting, despite the existence of licensing agreements for training data and display rights. This missing contract category is central to the economic and legal structuring of post-wire AI content generation, and its absence could influence future licensing negotiations and legal standards.

Training-data licensing and display licensing are well-established, with contracts in place and recognized pricing models. However, the third category—raw-feed licensing for downstream per-audience rewriting—lacks a formal, standardized contract. This gap arises despite the clear economic parallels to music streaming royalties, which have been regulated since the early 20th century under the Copyright Act of 1909. The missing contract is pivotal because it would define how AI companies pay for the raw content they use to generate derivative works, such as rewritten news stories or summaries.

Currently, the economic collision is evident: the cost of a single AI rewrite can be as low as $0.003, comparable to the per-stream royalty paid to songwriters, which is around $0.004 to $0.008 per stream. Yet, the legal and contractual frameworks governing these costs remain unaligned. Stakeholders—AI labs, publishers, wire cooperatives, and search engines—are at an impasse, each preferring to maintain the status quo, which allows them to avoid formalizing the missing contract. This standoff risks creating a regulatory and economic vacuum similar to the early days of music licensing before statutory frameworks were established.

Raw-Feed Licensing: The Contract That Doesn’t Exist Yet — Thorsten Meyer AI
FEED
● DISPATCH / MAY 2026
THORSTEN MEYER AI · POST-WIRE · § 02
POST-WIRE · 02
NEWS / LICENSING ECONOMICS
Essay · Contract-Forensic Analysis · 2026-05-17

Raw-Feed Licensing:
The Contract That
Doesn’t Exist Yet

Training-data licensing is contracted. Display licensing is contracted. The third category — the post-wire one — has no contract.
Spotify pays songwriters ~$0.004 per stream. Apple Music pays ~$0.008. The Copyright Royalty Board under Phonorecords IV sets the all-in mechanical streaming royalty at 15.1% (2023) → 15.35% (2027) of platform revenue. Per-rewrite LLM inference cost lands in the same band: $0.003–$0.02, local open-weight to higher-tier cloud. The numbers collide, and the contract category that should price them against each other — raw-feed licensing for downstream per-audience rewrite — has not been written. This piece walks through what the contract should specify, why it isn’t there, and who structurally doesn’t want it written.
$0.004
Avg Spotify per-stream
royalty (2025)
$0.003
Per-rewrite inference cost
local Mac fleet, open-weight
15.35%
Phonorecords IV mechanical
streaming rate by 2027
$3B+
MLC payouts since 2021
(scaffolding scale)
SPOTIFY $0.004/STREAM· APPLE MUSIC $0.008/STREAM· TIDAL $0.01284/STREAM· YOUTUBE MUSIC ~$0.005-0.007· PHONORECORDS IV 15.1%→15.35%· MECHANICAL RATE 12.7¢ (2025)· 1909 COPYRIGHT ACT· 1976 REVISION· DPRA 1995· MMA 2018· MLC $3B PAYOUTS· TOLLBIT 7000 SITES· TOLLBIT $24M SERIES A· 730% BOT-PAYWALL GROWTH· ARC XP 2000+ PROPERTIES· CHATGPT 87.8% AI-BOT TRAFFIC· RAW-FEED CONTRACT MISSING· SPOTIFY $0.004/STREAM· APPLE MUSIC $0.008/STREAM· TIDAL $0.01284/STREAM· YOUTUBE MUSIC ~$0.005-0.007· PHONORECORDS IV 15.1%→15.35%· MECHANICAL RATE 12.7¢ (2025)· 1909 COPYRIGHT ACT· 1976 REVISION· DPRA 1995· MMA 2018· MLC $3B PAYOUTS· TOLLBIT 7000 SITES· TOLLBIT $24M SERIES A· 730% BOT-PAYWALL GROWTH· ARC XP 2000+ PROPERTIES· CHATGPT 87.8% AI-BOT TRAFFIC· RAW-FEED CONTRACT MISSING·
FIG. 01 — THE THREE LICENSE CATEGORIES
Two contracts written, one missing
The AI-publisher licensing market sorts into three structural categories — and only two are contracted today
CATEGORY A
Training-data
Archive-shaped · One-shot · Fixed term
AP–OpenAI 2023 (archive 1985→)
Reddit–OpenAI 2024
Stack Overflow–OpenAI 2024
Shutterstock multi-deal
CATEGORY B
Display
Chat-shaped · Attribution-bound · Brand-tier priced
News Corp–OpenAI $250M/5yr
News Corp–Meta $150M/3yr
Axel Springer ~$13M/yr
FT $5–10M/yr · AP–Google
CATEGORY C
Raw-feed-rewrite
Post-wire-shaped · Per-audience derivative-work production
Mistral–AFP (2,300/day, structurally close but priced as display+RAG)

No standard contract.
No Standard
Contract
Training-data and display licensing assume the AI is a destination. Raw-feed-for-rewrite assumes the AI is an intermediate layer producing N derivative works for N downstream publication endpoints. That use case has no industry-standard pricing unit, no industry-standard attribution requirement, no industry-standard audit infrastructure. It just happens, unlicensed, in the gap.
FIG. 02 — THE COST COLLISION
Per-stream music royalty vs. per-rewrite inference cost
Both are units of derivative-work production at scale — and they sit in the same numerical neighbourhood
A · Music streaming royalty per stream · 2025
Spotify (avg)
$0.004
Apple Music (avg)
$0.008
Amazon Music
$0.006
YouTube Music Premium
$0.006
Tidal (highest)
$0.01284
Band: $0.003 — $0.013 per unit
B · Per-rewrite LLM inference · 600-word source
Local open-weight (Mac fleet)
$0.003
Cloud commodity (Haiku/4o-mini)
$0.007
Cloud mid-tier
$0.012
Cloud higher-tier
$0.020
50-site fan-out total
< $1
Band: $0.003 — $0.020 per unit
The collision is structural, not coincidental. Both rates are derivative-work production units operating at the same scale-economics — variable cost per piece of content, distributed across a pooled audience. If raw-feed licensing settled at a per-rewrite royalty in the same band ($0.005–$0.02), the wire cooperatives would have a defensible economic floor and the AI side would have a defensible variable-cost line item. Neither party has proposed this publicly.
FIG. 03 — THE 1909 PRECEDENT
The legal scaffolding music has and news doesn’t
117 years of statutory rate-setting, compulsory licensing, and collective collection infrastructure
1908
White-Smith Music Publishing v. Apollo — Supreme Court rules piano rolls aren’t “copies” of sheet music because humans can’t read them. Songwriters lose; mechanical reproduction unregulated.
1909
Copyright Act of 1909 — Congress overrides the Court; creates first compulsory mechanical license at 2¢ per unit. The original statutory rate-setting precedent.
1976
Copyright Act revision — Rate raised from 2¢ to 2.75¢ after 67 years frozen. Section 115 framework retained. Compulsory licensing extended to new media.
1995
Digital Performance Right in Sound Recordings Act — Extends mechanical licensing to digital downloads. Acknowledges new technology forms.
2018
Music Modernization Act — Establishes the Mechanical Licensing Collective. Blanket licensing for digital streaming services. Centralised collection infrastructure.
2023–27
Phonorecords IV (CRB) — Sets all-in mechanical streaming royalty rate at 15.1%→15.35% of platform revenue. Current statutory mechanical rate 12.7¢ per track.
2026
News raw-feed licensing — No statutory rate. No compulsory licensing regime. No central collective. No CRB-equivalent. The contract category exists structurally but has no scaffolding underneath it.
The pattern across 117 years: technology outruns licensing, lawsuit fails to protect rights-holders, Congress intervenes statutorily, rate-setting body resolves per-unit pricing, collective handles administration. News raw-feed licensing is currently at the “technology outruns licensing” step. The intervening steps will, on historical pattern, eventually follow — but they take decades. The Bartz $1.5B settlement and the NYT v. Perplexity complaint are the early lawsuit-failure-to-protect signals.
FIG. 04 — THE TOLLBIT GAP
The closest existing infrastructure stops short of raw-feed
TollBit operates ~7,000 publisher sites with two license types — neither addresses the post-wire category
LICENSE TYPE
USE CASE COVERED
STATUS
Summarization
AI cites or grounds an answer once with a single use of the page. Pricing per 1,000 pages accessed. RPM benchmark.
Contracted
via TollBit
Full Display
AI displays the complete text of an article once within its product. Per-1,000-pages pricing benchmarked against syndication rates.
Contracted
via TollBit
Model Training
Use of the content to train or fine-tune an AI model. TollBit explicitly does not permit either license type to extend to training.
Excluded
by both licenses
Raw-feed-rewrite
AI ingests the source feed and produces N differentiated rewrites for N downstream publication endpoints. The post-wire use case.
Not offered
as a license type
TollBit (founded 2023, ~7,000 publisher sites including TIME, Fast Company, Washington Post Arc XP, $24M Lightspeed Series A on top of seed) is the most-built piece of the raw-feed licensing infrastructure: detection, metering, rate-setting per 1,000 pages, payment routing, MCP-server integration. What the platform doesn’t have yet is the license category. Bot-paywall adoption grew 730% Q4 2024 → Q1 2025; ~20% of publishers earn revenue, in the hundreds-to-tens-of-thousands per month range. Necessary infrastructure, insufficient contract category.
FIG. 05 — FIVE CONTRACT SHAPES
What the missing contract could look like
Five plausible structures, scored on near-term feasibility · none currently leading
SH.
CONTRACT SHAPE
PRICING UNIT
NEAR-TERM
A
Per-rewrite royaltyMusic-streaming-mapped, pro-rata pool possible
$0.005–0.02 / rewrite
Medium
B
Per-source-story flat feeModified wire-subscription, simpler administration
Tiered $/story
High
C
Per-endpoint subscriptionExtension of existing AP/Reuters subscription model
$/endpoint/yr
Medium
D
Revenue-share on AI trafficAligns dollars with realised value · audit-heavy
% of attributed rev
Low
E
Statutory compulsory licenseCRB-equivalent for news · 1909-act-shaped
Statutory rate
Low (slow)
Near-term feasibility is not the same as long-term likelihood. The historical pattern (mechanical, broadcast, cable) suggests Shape E — statutory compulsory licensing — is where these gaps eventually settle, but on a 5–15 year timeline. The near-term outcomes (Shape A or B) will set the precedent the statutory regime eventually formalises. Whoever drafts the first major Shape A or B contract has disproportionate influence on what Shape E ends up codifying a decade later.
Per-stream music royalty and per-rewrite inference cost are in the same numerical neighbourhood because both are units of derivative-work production at scale. The contract that should price them against each other does not exist yet.
Thorsten Meyer · Raw-Feed Licensing · Post-Wire 02

Implications of the Missing Raw-Feed Contract

The absence of a standardized raw-feed licensing contract in the AI industry could lead to legal uncertainty, economic inefficiencies, and potential disputes over attribution, rights, and payments. As AI-generated content becomes more prevalent, the lack of clear licensing terms may hinder fair compensation for original content creators and complicate compliance with existing copyright laws. This gap also risks perpetuating mispricing and unregulated use of raw data, which could slow industry development and provoke regulatory intervention.

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Historical and Industry Context of Licensing Gaps

Existing licensing frameworks for training data and display rights are well-established, with contracts and pricing models recognized across the industry. These include agreements like Reddit–Google (~$60M/year for API access) and News Corp–OpenAI ($250M over five years). However, the third category—raw-feed licensing for downstream rewriting—remains uncontracted, despite its economic similarity to music royalties, which have been regulated since the early 1900s. The legal scaffolding for music, rooted in the 1909 Copyright Act and subsequent reforms, contrasts sharply with the current lack of formal structures for raw-feed use in AI.

This structural gap is reminiscent of the period after White-Smith v. Apollo (1908), before Congress responded with statutory licensing frameworks. The current situation reflects a similar moment: a fundamental misalignment between economic realities and legal infrastructure, which could lead to a significant industry shift once addressed.

“The missing contract category for raw-feed licensing in AI is a structural gap that mirrors early 20th-century music licensing issues. Its resolution is essential for fair compensation and legal clarity.”

— Thorsten Meyer

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Unresolved Legal and Economic Challenges

It remains unclear when or how a standardized raw-feed licensing contract will be established, and which stakeholder will lead or resist the process. The specific terms, pricing models, and regulatory responses are still under development, and there is no consensus yet on the contractual structure that will eventually emerge.

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Next Steps Toward Formalizing Raw-Feed Licensing

Legal, industry, and regulatory actors are expected to engage in discussions over the coming months to develop a formal contract framework. The process may involve legislative proposals, industry standards, or court rulings that clarify rights, obligations, and payment structures. Monitoring these developments will be crucial for understanding how the industry will adapt to this structural gap.

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Key Questions

Why does the missing raw-feed licensing contract matter now?

As AI models increasingly rely on raw data for downstream rewriting, the lack of a formal license creates legal and economic uncertainties that could hinder industry growth and fair compensation.

How is the current situation similar to early music licensing?

Both involve a significant gap between economic realities and legal frameworks, with unresolved issues that could lead to regulatory intervention if not addressed.

Who are the main stakeholders resisting the creation of a standard contract?

AI labs, publishers, wire cooperatives, and search engines each have incentives to maintain the status quo, as formal contracts could shift bargaining power and costs.

What might a future raw-feed licensing contract look like?

Potential models include per-rewrite royalties, flat fees per source story, revenue-sharing, or statutory licensing, but no consensus has yet emerged.

What are the risks if this gap remains unaddressed?

Uncertainty could lead to legal disputes, unfair compensation, and regulatory crackdowns, potentially slowing AI industry development.

Source: ThorstenMeyerAI.com

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